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Sat. Aug 2nd, 2025
Mulligan ve opioidlere olan talep

Bu, Hoover’daki bir Ekonomik Politika Çalışma Grubu toplantısından, yaratıcı bir şekilde uygulanan basit lisans arz ve talep analizinin şaşırtıcı bir sonuca yol açtığı başka bir gönderi.

Casey Mulligan “Opioid Pazarlarında Fiyatlar ve Politikalar”ı sundu. Sunumun makalesi, slaytları ve videosu.

Reçeteli opioidler belirgin bir kriz haline geldiğinde, hükümet arzı kısıtlamak için adımlar atarak fiyatı yükseltti. Yine de opioid tüketimi ve aşırı dozlar gitti yukarı. Açıklayın Bay Chicago ekonomisti!

İşte zekice cevap:

Opioid satın almanın iki yolu vardır, 1) yasal veya yarı yasal; yani ilaç şirketlerinden gelen ve birine bir doktor tarafından veya 2) yasa dışı olarak reçete edilen opioidleri alın.

Yasadışı piyasaya girmenin sabit bir maliyeti vardır. “.Hırsızlıktan kaçınmak, kendi kendine dozlama becerileri edinmek veya iğne korkusunu yenmek. …bir uyuşturucu satıcısıyla güvene dayalı bir ilişki kurmak…” Ancak yasa dışı uyuşturucuların doz başına maliyeti genellikle yasal uyuşturuculardan daha azdır.

Öyleyse, B noktasından başlayan bir uyuşturucu kullanıcısı hayal edin. Yasal (kırmızı) ve yasa dışı (siyah) uyuşturucular için bu fiyat üzerinden, kullanıcı B noktasında yasal uyuşturucuları seçer. Şimdi yasal uyuşturucuların fiyatını okla gösterildiği gibi yükseltin. Kullanıcı yasal ilaçlarla kalsaydı, daha az kullanırdı. Ama şimdi bir seçenek var, sabit masrafa katlanmak ve kara hattan yasa dışı uyuşturucu satın almak. Mantıklı olan yasal ilaçlar için daha yüksek fiyata. Ancak yasa dışı uyuşturucuların marjinal maliyeti daha düşük olduğundan, kullanıcı sabit maliyeti aştıktan sonra daha fazlasını kullanır.

Fiyatı yükseltin ve daha fazlasını tüketin (ikame üründen).

Rapor, yasa dışı kullanımdaki artışın yasal uyuşturucularla ilgili daha fazla düzenlemeyle çakıştığı zamanlama da dahil olmak üzere, modelin çeşitli tahminlerini kontrol ediyor. Başka bir test (üzgün):

İşte fiyatlara ne oldu

“Önceki yıllarda, düzenlemeler gevşetilirken hastalar ve reçete yazanlar için opioid sübvansiyonları yaratıldı ve genişletildi. Yaklaşık 2010’da politikalar, reformülasyonla (aşağıya bakın) ve ikincil pazarlara reçete tedarikini caydıran programlarla diğer yönde sallanmaya başladı. .. 2013 ve 2016 yılları arasında yasadışı uyuşturucu yasaklarının uygulanmasına daha az öncelik verildi.

(i) 1990’larda MGE başına eroin, Rx opioidlerden önemli ölçüde daha pahalıydı, (ii) yasadışı opioidler zaman içinde, özellikle 2013’ten beri daha ucuz hale geldi ve nihayetinde Rx opioidlerden daha ucuz hale geldi ve (iii) yaklaşık 2011’den başlayarak, Rx opioidler oldu düzenleyici ve mali değişiklikler nedeniyle tıbbi olmayan kullanım için daha pahalı veya erişimi zor.

İkinci gerçek,

Model, bu modeli anlamlandırır. Siyahların reçeteli opioid almakta daha zorlandığı şeklindeki makul varsayım altında, doğal olarak reçeteli opioid patlamasına daha az açık olacaklardır. Ancak yasadışı opioidler çok daha ucuz hale geldiğinde, zaten büyük ölçüde yasadışı pazarla sınırlı olan Siyah kullanıcılar büyük ölçüde genişliyor.

Tartışma ilginçti. Yorum yapanların çoğu, modele makul komplikasyonlar eklemek istedi. Opioidlerin bağımlılık yaptığı gerçeği bariz görünüyor. Ancak Casey’nin yaptığı şeydeki sanata hayran kalın: modeli fenomeni açıklayan mutlak minimuma indirdi. Modelleri soymak zordur.

By admin

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